Production of Bio-Oil from Thermo-Catalytic Decomposition of Pomegranate Peels over a Sulfonated Tea Waste Heterogeneous Catalyst: A Kinetic Investigation

In this study, the pyrolysis procedure was used to extract oil from pomegranate peels (PP) utilizing biomass-derived sulfonated tea waste as a catalyst. FTIR, SAA, SEM, and XRD were characterize Thermo-catalytic decomposition carried out in salt bath reactor bio-oil composition determined through GC-MS. The obtained virgin PP observed contain compounds range of C5–C13, whereas catalyzed reaction it found be rich C5–C23. For calculation kinetic parameters, TG analysis performed with catalyst at different heating rates. TG/DTG indicated weight loss four steps. first below 100 °C is due physically adsorbed water molecule evaporation. second attributed hemicellulose third one cellulose degradation. fourth lignin Kissinger model for measuring activation energy (Ea) reaction. hemicellulose, cellulose, non-catalytic reactions 199, 249, 299 kJmol−1, while case loaded catalyst, Ea reduced 122, 163, 207 respectively, confirming effectiveness From these findings, can concluded that has not only lowered temperature but also brought change quality by enhancing value-added bio-oil.